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Gum disease is an infection of the gums caused by plaque building up along the gum line. In its early stage (gingivitis) it can usually be reversed with good home care and a professional clean. If it is left untreated it can progress to periodontitis, which damages the bone that holds teeth in place and can lead to tooth loss.
It is very common. Healthdirect notes that about 1 in 2 people will have gingivitis at some point, and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reports that around 3 in 10 Australian adults have moderate or severe periodontitis.
What are the signs of gum disease?
- Gums that bleed when you brush or floss
- Red, swollen or tender gums
- Bad breath that does not go away
- Gums pulling back from the teeth (receding gums)
- Sensitive teeth
- Loose teeth or a change in how your teeth fit together (later stages)
Gum disease is often comfort-focused in its early stages, which is why regular check-ups matter. Read more: Why are my gums bleeding?
The stages of gum disease
| Stage | What is happening | Can it be reversed? |
|---|---|---|
| Gingivitis | Plaque irritates the gums, causing redness, swelling and bleeding. The bone is not yet affected. | Usually, with a professional clean and good daily brushing and flossing. |
| Periodontitis | Infection spreads below the gum line. Pockets form between gums and teeth and the supporting bone starts to break down. | Damage to bone may be irreversible, but treatment can control the disease and slow or stop further loss. |
| Advanced periodontitis | Significant bone loss. Teeth may become loose, shift or need to be removed. | Treatment focuses on controlling infection and protecting the remaining teeth. |
What causes gum disease, and who is more at risk?
The main cause is plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that builds up when teeth are not cleaned thoroughly. Over time plaque hardens into tartar (calculus), which only a dental professional can remove.
- Smoking
- Diabetes and some immune conditions
- Irregular brushing and flossing
- Older age: AIHW data show moderate or severe periodontitis rises from 12% of people aged 15–34 to 69% of people aged 75 and over
- Infrequent dental visits
How is gum disease treated?
Treatment depends on the stage. At Penrith Dental Care it typically starts with an examination and gum measurements, followed by a professional scale and clean to remove plaque and tartar. More advanced cases may need deeper cleaning below the gum line over one or more visits, and regular maintenance appointments afterwards. Find out more about gum disease treatment in Penrith.
How to prevent gum disease
- Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
- Clean between your teeth every day with floss or interdental brushes
- Limit sugary food and drinks
- Avoid smoking
- Have regular check-ups and cleans so problems are found early
Gum disease and your general health
Research links gum disease with other health conditions, including diabetes. Keeping your gums healthy is part of looking after your overall health. Read more: Oral health and overall body health.
Frequently asked questions
Is gum disease reversible?
Gingivitis, the early stage, can usually be reversed with a professional clean and good home care. Periodontitis can cause long-term bone loss, but treatment can control it and help protect your teeth.
Why do my gums bleed when I brush?
Bleeding gums are most often a sign of gingivitis caused by plaque along the gum line. Keep brushing gently and see a dentist if the bleeding continues for more than a week or two.
How common is gum disease in Australia?
Very common. About 3 in 10 Australian adults have moderate or severe periodontitis, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Can gum disease cause tooth loss?
Yes. Untreated periodontitis can destroy the bone that supports teeth, causing them to loosen and eventually be lost.
How often should I have my teeth cleaned?
Many people need a check-up and professional clean about every six months. People with a history of gum disease may need more frequent maintenance visits, which your dentist will recommend.
Sources: Healthdirect: Gingivitis; AIHW: Oral health and dental care in Australia.
Reviewed by Mina Gibryal, BOHT (CSU), Grad Cert Dental Therapy (Melb), Practice Director, Penrith Dental Care. Last reviewed: 25 September 2026. This article is general information and not a substitute for an individual examination.
Concerned about your gums? Call (02) 4733 1197 or book online at our clinic at 42 Castlereagh Street, Penrith.